Citizen Science Engagement Initiatives in Kenya and Tanzania: Fostering Digital Transformation and Inclusive Knowledge Ecosystems

Abstract

This research presents the initial findings and strategic frameworks of the FOSTER Project (Fostering Digital Transformation of Science in Kenya and Tanzania), an EU-funded initiative (Erasmus+ CBHE) aimed at modernizing the research ecosystem in East Africa. The paper focuses on the promotion of Citizen Science (CS) in Sub-Saharan Africa through the Science Shop 2.0 model across Higher Education Institutions in Kenya and Tanzania. This research used a multi-phase case study and purposive sampling approach, primarily among five Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Kenya and Tanzania. The first phase entailed mixed-methods surveys on CS skills gaps, practices, and mainstreaming in national policies in select HEIs among 235 participants in the two countries. The second phase included a baseline comparative analysis of CS implementation across the five partner institutions, focusing on the current situation, key barriers, and emerging opportunities for CS, among 190 participants. The third phase entailed stakeholder workshops conducted during mobility visits to partner institutions in Kenya and Tanzania, focusing on the transition to open science practices. Across the combined valid sample, more than half of the academic and research staff and students were aware of CS, although CS practices remained minimal. Second, the Science Shops approach has several benefits in strengthening the social relevance of academic research and promoting knowledge democratization by allowing communities to contribute to scientific inquiry. Third, several structural and institutional barriers continue to limit widespread adoption. One significant challenge relates to intellectual property and data ownership concerns. Fourth, institutional leadership and policy support play a central role in embedding CS within HEIs. Fifth, international collaboration and mentorship provide valuable opportunities for knowledge transfer and capacity building in CS implementation. Sixth, technological infrastructure plays a foundational role in enabling CS ecosystems in Sub-Saharan HEIs. The paper provides a scalable roadmap for strengthening the role of Citizen Science (CS) and Open Science (OS) in fostering digital transformation and inclusive knowledge ecosystems in East African HEIs. The paper also contributes to ongoing discussions on participatory research and knowledge democratization in the Global South. This is achieved through digital inclusion, community-engaged research, and sustainable development.